Designing a Multidimensional Environmental Psychology Model for Elderly Day Centers: A Grounded Theory Study

Abstract

This study aimed to develop and explain a multidimensional model of environmental psychology components influencing the spatial quality of life of older adults in elderly day centers. This qualitative study was conducted using the Strauss and Corbin grounded theory approach. The study population consisted of experts in elderly architecture, environmental psychology, gerontology, inclusive design, and the management of elderly care centers. Participants were recruited through non-probability snowball sampling based on relevant professional experience, scientific publications, and recognized academic expertise. Sampling continued until theoretical saturation was achieved, resulting in the participation of 30 experts. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, which were recorded with participants’ consent and transcribed verbatim. The data were systematically analyzed through open, axial, and selective coding. Data triangulation, peer review, participant feedback, detailed documentation of analytical procedures, and cross-coding by researchers were employed to enhance the credibility and dependability of the findings. The analysis identified the “spatial quality of life of older adults” as the core phenomenon emerging from the interaction of causal, contextual, intervening, strategic, and consequential dimensions. Environmental legibility and wayfinding, physical safety and security, nature-oriented design, and sensory and perceptual comfort were identified as causal conditions. Identity, place attachment, familiarity, and spatial meaning constituted the contextual conditions. Individual characteristics, physical and cognitive limitations, and center management practices functioned as intervening conditions. Social interaction and participation, spatial flexibility, environmental control, and independence emerged as the principal action and interaction strategies. The systematic interaction of these dimensions resulted in greater perceived safety, reduced anxiety and spatial confusion, decreased social isolation, strengthened place attachment, enhanced functional independence, and increased satisfaction with attending and using elderly day centers. Improving the spatial quality of life of older adults requires a transition from institutional and exclusively safety-oriented designs toward home-oriented, legible, flexible, nature-integrated, and meaningful environments that simultaneously support autonomy, dignity, psychological well-being, and social participation.