Exploring the Impacts of Physical Factors on the Formation of Third Places: A Comparative Study of the Historical Bazaar and Laleh Park Commercial Complex in Tabriz
Keywords:
Third place, physical factors, structural equation modeling, historical market, Laleh Park commercial complex, correlation analysis, sociable spaceAbstract
This study aims to examine the influence of physical factors—including spatial architecture, extent and harmony, aesthetic principles, spatial functionality, and social dimensions—on the formation of third places through a comparative analysis of the historical bazaar and Laleh Park commercial complex in Tabriz. The research follows a descriptive-correlational design. The statistical population comprises non-working visitors present in cafés and restaurant areas of the two study sites. A total sample of 400 participants (200 per site) was selected using convenience sampling. Data were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire covering five physical dimensions. Reliability and validity were confirmed via factor analysis and Cronbach’s alpha. Data were analyzed using SmartPLS software through structural equation modeling (SEM). The SEM results indicated that all physical dimensions significantly affect the formation of third places (t-values > 0.5). Spatial architecture (0.731), extent and harmony (0.622), aesthetic principles (0.516), functional dimensions (0.594), and social aspects (0.563) collectively contribute to creating socially engaging, comfortable, and cohesive environments. These outcomes highlight the central role of the physical environment in enhancing social interaction, urban vitality, and cultural sustainability. The findings underscore that well-integrated physical design elements foster third places that strengthen social interactions, cultural identity, and urban liveliness. Urban planners and designers should integrate physical and social dimensions when developing public spaces to promote belonging, inclusiveness, and social cohesion.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Sepideh Rafiei (Author); Shabnam Akbarinamdar
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