Validation of the Questionnaire for Designing Nature-Friendly Residential-Tourism Complexes Based on Organic Architecture (Case Study: Sanandaj City)
Keywords:
Validation, Design, QuestionnaireAbstract
This study aimed to design and validate a comprehensive questionnaire for assessing the key components of nature-friendly residential-tourism complex design based on organic architecture in Sanandaj city. The study employed an applied, quantitative, and correlational design using structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The statistical population consisted of architecture and urban planning experts in Sanandaj. Based on Cohen’s table (1992) and partial least squares criteria, 404 valid questionnaires were collected. The researcher-made questionnaire included 20 indicators across four dimensions: meaningful spatial creation, environmental sustainability, economic sustainability, and local cultural sustainability. Data were analyzed using Smart PLS3, and validity and reliability were confirmed through Cronbach’s alpha, composite reliability, convergent validity (AVE), and discriminant validity (Fornell-Larcker). All path coefficients were significant (p<0.001). The most influential dimensions on nature-friendly tourism complex design were meaningful spatial creation (β=0.949, t=209.724), environmental sustainability (β=0.931, t=175.831), economic sustainability (β=0.968, t=391.515), and local cultural sustainability (β=0.929, t=147.201). The model showed high convergent validity (AVE>0.7), reliability (CR and CA>0.7), predictive relevance (Q²>0.35), and strong goodness of fit (GOF=0.670). The validated questionnaire demonstrates strong psychometric properties and can serve as a reliable tool for evaluating the effectiveness of nature-friendly tourism complex designs based on organic architecture. The results highlight the importance of integrating environmental, cultural, and economic sustainability in architectural design to enhance tourism quality and preserve local identity and natural heritage.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Hamidreza Erfani (Author); Mahdi Shabanian
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
